Because in the paper the new interpretations are based to each other, thus it must to read from first chapter to final chapter, sentence for sentence! This message not occurs at the following visits.
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| Gábor Fekete
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THE TRUTH PARTICLE AND ATOMIC PHYSICS | |
- INSTEAD OF THEORIES - | |
WITH REINTERPRETATIONS OF THE KNOWN | |
EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS AND PROVED | |
BY THE LAWS OF THE CLASSICAL PHYSICS | |
http://broglie.zxq.net | |
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The electromagnetic oscillation of all particles pose the countermove of the positive and the negative elementary charges in the inside of the conductor tunnel. The wall of the conductor tunnel is of the magnetic field, which is induced by the movement of the two elementary charges. The induced magnetic field conducts the elementary charges in the center of the magnetic field.
The neutrality or rather the electric inactivity of all photons, roentgen-photons and gamma-photons is for that reason, because alike have positive and negative elementary charges, which neutralize one another.
The following illustration shows the chemical binding of the atoms, which happens by the electromagnetic binding energy of the photon covers, which link into one another. The chemical electromagnetic binding energy of the two or more atoms is Eem = 10-19J to 10-17J. The size of an atom in the chemical binding determines the radius 10-10m of the roentgen-photon covers in the atoms.
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| With these reinterpretations and the mathematical apparatus of dynamics and electrodynamics we get back with 8 numeral exactitude the till now known all experimental results about the particle and atomic world. |
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| Introduction |
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Not mission of the physics science that by the experimental results and universal forced physical laws refuted theories and models shows so as it would the roughly knowledge of the reality. The real mission of the physics science is it that the phenomena of nature appropriately to the experimental results, without contradiction descripts with in the nature exclusively dominating, universal forced physical laws. These physical laws were discovered until end of the 19th century and those are descripted in the called classical, real physics science. The universal validity of the physical laws not only means it that similarly valid at any point of the world, but means that also that similarly valid in the world of the particles and atoms than valid in the total universum, which is based on the world of the particles and atoms. Not must to search mistakes in the physical laws, but must to look false those models or theories, which say other than what's according to the physical laws and experimental results, and must those to banish out of the physics science. If a statement of a theory or a model contradicts to an experimental result or a physical law, then we can certainly that the model or the theory approximately neither had reality. It that in the XX. century cannot to descript the experimental results with universal forced physical laws, still not gives authorization to it that in this way anybody refer to it that this is impossibility. In this short paper descripteds contradict to only sole affair; to the false particle and atomic world of the modern physics. Attention! Because in the paper the new interpretations are based to each other, thus it must to read from first chapter to final chapter, sentence for sentence! Now follows the simple and real physics of the elementary particles and atoms, which is entirely suitable to the physical laws and experimental results with 8 numeral exactitude. |
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| 1.1. The all blunders in the total theoretical atomic physics till now |
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The first blunder began with the comment of a discovery of the experimental atomic physics. J.J. Thomson physicist discovered in 1897 the mass m = 9.1.10-31kg, negative elementary charged elementary object, about which so imagined the physicists that it orginates from the atoms of the cathode, and thereby that is the constituent part of all atoms and sole causing of the electric current. Consequently they to look these as elementary particles and called as electrons. Well, the mass m = 9.1.10-31kg elementary objects not emerge from the atoms of the cathode, those not constituent part of the atoms and those not sole causing of the electric current, but those are gas atoms ionized by photon and roentgen-photon particles, and those consist of many photon and roentgen-photon particles. The parameters of the ionizer photons or roentgen-photons in function of the voltage U - which affects between the cathode and anode - is always according to energy E = U.e, elementary charge e = + or -1.602.10-19C, mass m = U.e/c2 and electromagnetic frequency f = U.e/h. This my bold and absurd seeming statement I shall to prove and to fortify with the following many facts. In the gas discharge tube at normal atmospherical air pressure (p = 105Pa) the emission of light happens in thin stripe. If we continue increase the pressure of the gas, then will be thinner this stripe, later at a critical pressure value the emission of light totally stops, the electric current not flows in the discharge tube. If in the gas atoms flows the electric current in consequence of the motion of electrons, then with the increase of the gas atoms' numbers must to increase the conductance of the discharge tube and thereby must to increase the intensity of current in the discharge tube. This shows just the opposite of this, which verifies that in the gas atoms not happens charge motion, in the discharge tube from the cathode and the anode charges receiver gas atoms' motion poses the electric current, its intensity therefore falls at the gas pressure increasing, because the larger quantity ionizeless gas atoms hinder the motion of the smaller quantity ionized gas atoms between the cathode and the anode. Thus from the cathode and the anode emergent elementary charges not move in the gas atoms, but the charges bind on the surfaces of the gas atoms, because electric charges always are on the surfaces. From this we establish that in the discharge tube not the motion of the elementary particles, but motion of the ionized gas atoms poses the electric current. In the gas discharge tube at normal atmospherical air pressure (p = 105Pa) the emission of light happens in thin stripe. If we continue increase the pressure of the gas, then will be thinner this stripe, later at a critical pressure value the emission of light totally stops, the electric current not flows in the discharge tube. If in the gas atoms flows the electric current in consequence of the motion of electrons, then with the increase of the gas atoms' numbers must to increase the conductance of the discharge tube and thereby must to increase the intensity of current in the discharge tube.
This shows just the opposite of this, which verifies that in the gas atoms not happens charge motion, in the discharge tube from the cathode and the anode charges receiver gas atoms' motion poses the electric current, its intensity therefore falls at the gas pressure increasing, because the larger quantity ionizeless gas atoms hinder the motion of the smaller quantity ionized gas atoms between the cathode and the anode. Thus from the cathode and the anode emergent elementary charges not move in the gas atoms, but the charges bind on the surfaces of the gas atoms, because electric charges always are on the surfaces. From this we establish that in the discharge tube not the motion of the elementary particles, but motion of the ionized gas atoms poses the electric current. If in the gas discharge tube we reduce the pressure to some Pascal worth, then arises the light of anode. The explanation of this phenomenon is it that the negatively ionized gas atoms collide to the positively charged atoms of the anode, thereby from the anode emerge the electrically neutral photons.
If we further increase this some Pascal worth pressure, then the emission of light gradually moves away with the increasing of the pressure to the direction of the cathode. The explanation of this phenomenon is it that with the increasing of the number of the gas atoms the anode also ionizes, originates the positive elementary charged gas atoms. The circumstances of this phenomenon influences the electronegativity of the used gas. (We can to influence this phenomenon, if we use heated cathode. The heating of the cathode till now was explained by it that thus can easily to emerge the electrons from the atoms of the cathode. The reality however is it that at such small pressure value relatively few gas atoms are present and at room temperature the speed of the gas atoms is low. With the heating of the cathode we compel the atoms of the small pressure gas into thermal agitation, for this the increased speed gas atoms several times collide to the cathode and thus under a given time more negative elementary charged elementary particles take over from the atoms of the cathode. This shows it that charge not emerges from the cathode, while not takes over it one to the cathode collider free gas atom from the atom of the cathode). From these two phenomena we establish that by the gas discharge tube emitted neutral photons always arise from the collision of the positively and the negatively ionized atoms. The positively and negatively ionized atoms after the collision come to electrically neutral state, namely in the gas discharge tube used positive and negative elementary charges disappear from the discharge tube.
We take into consideration the law of conservation of charge and it that solely electrically neutral photons leave the gas discharge tube, thus only one real explanation remains for the disappearance of the elementary charges, namely that take along the emitted neutral photons the positive and negative elementary charges. But - in contrast with till now intuition - the photons are not in that way electrically neutral, because not have elementary charges, but are in that way electrically neutral, because equally have positive and negative elementary charges. From this will be a recent consequence, namely that from the mass of the electrons about with five order of magnitude smaller mass, negative and positive elementary charged photons ionized the gas atoms, which at the collision of the gas atoms come off from the atoms and united with one another, became into electrically neutral state and accelerated to the speed of light. Again a new consequence that the mass of the gas atoms always increases with the electric state causing negative or positive elementary charged photon's mass. The mass of the negative and positive elementary charged photons in the function of the ionizer voltage take shape according to the m = U.e/c2 formula, because the photons always have E = m.c2 energy. It that in the gas discharge tube always positive and negative elementary charged photons ionize and the emitted neutral photons arise from union of these, simply provable in the following way. We operate the discharge tube from two, with one another face to face placed, identical surface and in identical measure recharged condenser surfaces! Because the positive and the negative charges are on identical potential at the two condenser surfaces, thus evidently that the all at once shall to start into discharge tube and shall to meet in the inside of the discharge tube. The condenser surfaces will be free (lose identical quantity positive and negative elementary charges), at the same time the discharge tube's gas atoms get to neutral state, thus the charges of the condenser surfaces solely from the discharge tube emergent neutral photons take along. Naturally this may so also to explain on base of till now that from the atoms of the cathode emerged negative elementary charges through the cathode, in the discharge tube's electric circuit goes back to the anode's atoms and for this all becomes into neutral state. But according to the law of the conservation of energy, the energy of the emitted photons must be identical with the potential energy of the charges at the condenser surfaces. Because the emission of light happens between the cathode and the anode, thus the positive and the negative elementary charges already in front of the cathode and the anode lose the kinetic energy, thus the result of this that positive elementary charge similarly not reachs to the cathode, than negative elementary charge nor reachs to the anode. The arising of the positron-electron pairs was explained till now that happens so that the roentgen-photon collides to the nucleus and at the collision the roentgen-photon disappears and arises one electron-positron pairs. Well, the roentgen-photon not collides to the nucleus, but collides to two mass m = 9.1.10-31kg gas atoms. At the collision the roentgen-photon asunder positive and negative elementary charged part and binds with the energy of the photon's electromagnetic field on the two mass m = 9.1.10-31kg gas atoms, and at the binding transmits of that the E = m.c2 kinetic energy. At the collision the roentgen-photon not disappears. The mass change of the arising two gas ions poses the mass of the bound roentgen-photon, and the electromagnetic wave-feature of the arising two gas ions also poses the electromagnetically bound roentgen-photon's electromagnetic field and the progressive motion of the arised two gas atoms. Taken into consideration these, we establish that the elementary charge is in interaction with the gas ion's wave-feature causing roentgen-photon's electromagnetic field. For this reason the ionizer roentgen-photon has the two elementary charges. The neutrality of the photons, roentgen-photons and gamma-photons was explained till now with it that not have elementary charges. This conclusion conclude from that the experimental result that in the stationary electric field passing photons, roentgen-photons and gamma-photons not disintegrate to positive and negative elementary charged parts. We take into consideration that if these particles have two elementary charges, then these are in interaction with the electromagnetic field of the particles, namely do vibratory motion. This means it that for example the elementary charges of the photons under one secundum 1014 times invert up at the poles of the photons. We add to this that between the elementary charges of the photons E = 107V/m, extraordinarily large electric field intensity affects. (look: 2.8.12. and 2.8.42. points!). Consequently the stationary electric field unables to decompose to positive and negative elementary charges these elementary particles, to decompose those only the with that identical factors disponent oscillating circuits able. With such oscillating capacities only the photons, the roentgen-photons and the gamma-photons have. For this only the with those identical frequency particles or with such particles disponent atoms capable to decompose the photons, roentgen-photons and gamma-photons to positive and negative elementary charged parts. Still the sollar cells capable to decompose the photons positive and negative part, because tickness of the conductor film on the silicon is identical with the amplitude of the photons' electromagnetic field and the silicon only the one kind charge capable to conduct. The solar cells so operate in case of the photons like an antenna, which is in one a semiconductor too. Fact that the photons, roentgen-photons and gamma-photons have magnetic momentum. A factor of the magnetic momentum is the electric current. The electric current rises from charge motion. Because these particles are electrically neutral, thus the electric current and the magnetic momentum of these poses in the opposite direction happening vibratory motion of the positive and negative elementary charges. Fact that if in the gas discharge tube decrease the pressure to a few hundredth Pascal worth, then nor from the cathode, nor from the anode not emerge charge, in the gas discharge tube not flows current, stops the emission of light. This evidently verifies it that in the gas discharge tube already is no sufficient ionizible gas atoms, thus the elementary charges remain at the atoms of the cathode and the anode in bound state. This means it that in vacuum positive or negative elementary charged elementary particles independently not occur, only bound to atoms and from atom to atom only at the direct contact of the atoms can to step over. From this follows that in the till now called particle accelerator equipments discovered all negative or positive elementary charged elementary objects, which the speed not reachs the speed of light, not were constituent part of the atoms and not were elementary particles, but these are ionized atoms. Further consequence that the elementary particles in vacuum only in electrically neutral state (have positive and negative elementary charges) occur and then the speed of these not other, than the speed of light. Examples of these the photons, roentgen-photons and gamma-photons. Therefore by Thomson discovered and called electrons elementary objects nor were elementary particles, but were gas atoms ionized by negative elementary charged photons and roentgen-photons. Fact that accompany of the matter that at elementary level the mass have E = m.c2 energy. (I remark that this not must so to understand than Einstein invents, that the mass equivalent with E = m.c2 energy and that the energy originates from the mass, but must so to understand that the elementary particles have mass and besides so large energy which ensures to the elementary particles E = m.c2 binding in the atoms or ensures E = m.c2 kinetic energy to the elementary particles which emerged from the atom. It that the elementary particles have what kind of energy I shall to give the explain in the following chapters.) Arises the question that why must plus energy to transmit with the positive and the negative elementary charged elementary objects that reach a certain speed, energy value, at the same time the neutral elementary particles why capable independently to accelerate to the speed of light and to obtain E = m.c2 kinetic energy? The explain is evident. The positive and the negative elementary charged elementary objects are ionized atoms which consist of E = m.c2 energy elementary particles and the E = m.c2 energy of these elementary particles ensures with the one another happening binding in these atoms. So the all fictive elementary particles that is the positive and the negative elementary charged elementary objects also have E = m.c2 energy, but this energy takes part with the one another happening binding of all real elementary particles in the atoms. Fact that the mass m = 9.1.10-31kg elementary objects also have wave feature, have an under time changing electromagnetic field. Between the electromagnetic and the kinetic energy of with the speed of light progressive electromagnetic waves is the h.f = m.c2 equality. With the speed v progressive, mass m = 9.1.10-31kg elementary objects on the other hand between the energy of the electromagnetic field and the kinetic energy dominates the h.f = m.v2 equality. On base of the formula f = m.v2/h we can to reach to the conclusion that the mass m = 9.1.10-31kg, energy E = 10-19J elementary object's wave feature the on that electromagnetically bound, light-frequency f = 1014Hz photon posed. Because the electromagnetic fields oscillate with the speed of light, thus on base of the formula A = c/(2 Fact that the large energy called positron and electron and till now imagined elementary particles at the collision of these, the elementary objects blow up and radiate asunder. To blow up and to radiate asunder solely such objects able which consist of constituent parts. Thus the positrons and the electrons are of real particles consisting, contrary ionized atoms. This phenomenon was explained after Einstein's theory whereas the mass of positrons and electrons will be transformed into energy and radiate asunder. Well, at the blow up of the mass m = 9.1.10-31kg elementary objects not only with the speed of light progressive electromagnetic energy, but with that together and with that equivalent kinetic energy also get free, which have impulse. One component of the kinetic energy is the motion doing mass. From this we establish that the mass m = 9.1.10-31kg elementary objects disintegrate to more, smaller mass, real elementary particles, to which the kinetic energy one by one are E = m.c2. From this follows that the mass m = 9.1.10-31kg elementary objects are atoms of roentgen-photon and photon particles. With the one another happening electormagnetic binding energy of the photons and roentgen-photons in the atoms are one by one E = h.f = m.c2. In the experiment of J.J.Thomson the mass m = 9.1.10-31kg elementary objects have different and determined energy value. This again verifies that the mass m = 9.1.10-31kg elementary objects are ionized atoms, because the ionized atoms have these features, about which known that only at determined energy values get into ionic state. If we use different matter cathodes in the cathode-radiations tube, then we experience that the mass m = 9.1.10-31kg elementary objects have identical energy values at the whatever matter cathode. This verifies that the mass m = 9.1.10-31kg elementary objects independent from the atom of the cathode, itself definiate the ionization energy values which again verifies that these elementary objects not constituent parts of the atoms, however are independent, ionized atoms. As regards the origin of the mass m = 9.1.10-31kg elementary objects the my opinion is it that those are not others than a till now fictive elementary particles and thereby not discovered kinds of the atoms, from the cathode or anode altogether only charged particles receiver, mainly negative ionic-characteristic, chemically neutral, consists of roentgen-photons and photons atoms, the Earth's atmosphere millionth constituent parts constitutive and extraordinarily easy gas atom. This my conclusion be found on the foregoing and the followings, then in the following part I shall to verify with experimental results and calculations. According to the description of the New Hungarian Lexicon in the cathode-radiants used pressure is p = 10-3Hgmm which suit to a few tenth Pascal. Volume of the cathode-radiants are about a few tenth liter volume. Calculable from the molecular gas-constant that on this size pressure value and in this size volume still n = 1015 pieces ionizible gas atoms are present. Considering that the cathode-radiant not radiates the photons of the known gas atoms, thus from this we conclude that the thinning of air subsequently in the discharge tube remaining n = 1015 pieces gas atoms are not others than the mass m = 9.1.10-31kg gas atoms as fictive elementary particles. This means it that one piece gas atom of one million pieces gas atoms of the Earth's atmosphere are not others than fictive elementary particles, which were in negative or positive ionic state called as electrons and positrons. In the electron microscope till now made smallest vacuum was p = 10-8Pa. From the molecular gas constant calculable for example that on this size pressure on 273 K degree, in 22.41 liter volume still 60 billion 220 million pieces gas atoms are present. At the vacuum pumping first time always the heavier gases come out of vacuum field and at vacuum pumping of the lighter gases the efficiency of the vacuum pump gradually decreases. If in the vacuum field remaining 60 billion gas atoms are same with the atoms of any till now known gases, then the electron microscope don't works. We also come to the conclusion that the electron microscopes operate by that, because the x atom for example on 273 K degree with 78279 m/s speed more hundred thousand times can each to collide to the cathode under one secundum and can from that to take over ionizer photon or roentgen-photon particles. On base of these we establish that sole alfa- or beta-radiations nor were elementary particles, but those are by photons, roentgen-photons and gamma-photons into electric state brought atoms. The gamma-particles with two atoms happening at collision become to positive and negative elementary charged particles. The mass of the ionized atoms always increases with the on that electromagnetically bound, electrically charged particle's mass. The positron and electron not are particle and antiparticle, but are two contrary ionized gas atoms, as well as the so-called proton and antiproton which in the reality are contrary ionized hydrogen atoms. The gamma-radiations in the reality are with positive and negative elementary charges alike disponent, with the speed of light progressive real elementary particles. |
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| 1.2. The mathematical confirmation of the real mass change in the world of the atoms |
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The preceding part's contents we summarize in the following points: 1./ In vacuum negative or positive elementary charged elementary particles independently not occur only bound to the atoms hereby ionized those. Therefore to take elementary charge into vacuum solely ionized atoms able. 2./ In vacuum elementary particles solely in electrically neutral state (alike have positive and negative elementary charges) are present and then the speed of these are not other than the speed of light, its kinetic energy is E = m.c2 which coincides with its E = h.f electromagnetic energy. 3./ In discharge tube the emitted neutral photons arise from the collision of the positively and the negatively ionized atoms. 4./ The positively and negatively ionized atoms the collision subsequently get into electrically neutral state, from the gas discharge tube's electric circuit disappear the used electric charges. Because the discharge tube's electric circuit solely the emitted, electrically neutral photons leave, thus we establish that the gas atoms are ionized by positive and negative elementary charged photons which at the collision of the gas atoms come down from these and united with one another, got into electrically neutral state and leave the discharge tube's electric circuit. 5./ In connection with the mass m = 9.1.10-31kg elementary object numerous facts show that not other than a till now imagined elementary particles and thereby still not discovered, chemically neutral, in the majority with negative ionic-character disponent gas atoms. At the description of the physical phenomena of the mass m = 9.1.10-31kg elementary objects I start out from it that these elementary objects were till now fictive particles and thereby still not discovered ionized gas atoms. In the following for the simplicity I shall to call x atoms these elementary objects. In connection with the x atom at the description of the physical phenomena, the x atom is in a cathode-ray tube, in which the cathode and anode are identical caracteristic. In the cathode-ray tube by the x atoms displayed pressure value is a few tenth Pascal. In the first example the ionizer photon's mass will be m = 2.10-36kg! The photon's potential energy on the cathode's one atom is E = m.c2 which is equal to the own under time changing electromagnetic field's E = h.f electromagnetic energy, thus both energy calculable from the E = m.c2 formula.
its potential energy:
its electromagnetic energy:
and the electromagnetic field's frequency:
Now we give accurate mass value of the x atom which was till now called rest mass! The x atom's mass:
Because we know the negative elementary charged photon's energy, thus on base of the formula U = E/e we calculable between the cathode and the anode acting electrostatic field's voltage which activates the cathode's and the anode's electrically charged photons in atoms of these.
The voltage of the electrostatic field:
From this follows that the negative elementary charged photon is with
potential energy on the cathode's one atom. When in the cathode-ray tube in consequence of the thermal agitation the x atom collides to the cathode, then negative elementary charged photon on the cathode's one atom overpass to the free x atom and binds on that. In this binding evidently the negative elementary charged photon's under time changing electromagnetic field's E = h.f electromagnetic energy takes part. Thus the negative elementary charged photon's under time changing electromagnetic field constitutes in comparison system of the x atom a resting electromagnetic wave. The mx = 9.1095580.10-31kg x atom's mass with the on that electromagnetically bound, mass m = 2.10-36kg, negative elementary charged photon increases to
total mass. As visible, this mass increase in the x atom's mass two-hundred-thousandth part change poses. Naturally this mass increase then larger, if on the cathode larger potential energy and thereby larger mass, negative elementary charged photon we activate with the increase of between the cathode and anode acting electrostatic field's voltage. (Therefore in this chapter yet will be more with calculations verified example.) On the cathode and anode for effect of voltage U always a mass m = U.e/c2 particle activates which overpass to the free x atom, its the mass in function of between the cathode and the anode acting voltage increases to
total mass. This mass increase now already - not so than mass change by Einstein - suits to the law of conservation of mass, from which evidently follows that the mass of the bodies are not relativistic and chiefly not function of the speed. The mass of the bodies solely so changeable, if these give down from the mass or take over mass from an other body! When the negative elementary charged photon bound on the x atom, and thus it increases to total mass mt = 9.1095780.10-31kg, the negative elementary charged photon's E = U.e potential energy in the cathode overpass into the free mt total mass x atom's kinetic energy, for effect of this it accelerates to
speed and gets E = U.e = mt.v2 kinetic energy.
The impulse of the total mass mt = 9.1095780.10-31kg x atom is
On base of Louis de Broglie kind wavelength-impulse connection (which is verified by experiments of Davisson and Germer and others), on the impulse P x atom bound, negative elementary charged photon's electromagnetic field according to the now explanation must to create wavelength
electromagnetic wave. Now we control that the wave feature of the speed v = 4.4420818.105m/s x atom indeed the on that electromagnetically bound, frequency f = 2.7128136.1014Hz, negative elementary charged photon poses?!
The two wavelengths in total measure coincides which duly verifies truth of this explanation in the gas discharge tubes, in the cathode-rays and in the "particle accelerators" happening physical processes respectively. The wave feature of the x atoms Louis de Broglie thought as endless extension plane wave which in the reality not exists. On the x atom bound, negative elementary charged photon's electromagnetic field vibrates with the speed of light, thus the here for example taken photon's extensional electromagnetic field's the maximal amplitude is A = c/(2 So on the x atom bound, negative elementary charged photon's under time changing electromagnetic field in consequence of the x atom's progressive motion one such restricted extension electromagnetic field wave poses, to which the amplitude is larger than its wavelength. Now for confirmation of the foregoing descriptions and to illustration of a major mass increase we take one other example too! Between the cathode and the anode acting, photon activating voltage will be U = 2.105V! Then the e = -1.6021917.10-19C negative elementary charged photon's potential energy on the cathode's one atom is
(This photon already is a roentgen-photon). This potential energy counteracts the roentgen-photon's under time changing electromagnetic field's
electromagnetic binding energy. In the contine with at the previous example used formulas we determine on the cathode activated, negative elementary charged roentgen-photon's remaining data too! The negative elementary charged roentgen-photon's mass:
The electromagnetic field's frequency:
In consequence of the x atom's thermal agitation the x atom collides to the cathode and the negative charged roentgen-photon step over to the free x atom. In consequence of this the base mass mx = 9.1095580.10-31kg x atom with electromagnetically bound, mass m = 3.5653573.10-31kg, negative elementary charged roentgen-photon's mass increases to
total mass. This mass increase lifts up the mass of the x atom 1.391 times. After this the negative elementary charged roentgen-photon binds on the x atom, the roentgen-photon's E = U.e potential energy in the cathode overpass into mt total mass x atom's E = mt.v2 kinetic energy, in consequence of which that accelerates to
speed. (The x atom here already exceeds the half of the speed of light)
The mt total mass x atom's impulse is
According to the Broglie kind wavelength-impulse connection on the impulse P x atom bound, negative elementary charged roentgen-photon's electromagnetic field must to create wavelength
electromagnetic wave. Now we look that on the speed v = 1.5900094.108m/s x atom bound, frequency f = 4.8360751.1019Hz, negative elementary charged roentgen-photon's electromagnetic field indeed poses such wavelength electromagnetic wave!
Because from the two kind determinations received wavelength values perfectly conform with another, in consequence of which the new explanation is verified in total measure in respect of the x atom. In other respect this description is true for all ionized atoms. The here for example taken roentgen-photon's extensional electromagnetic field's the maximal amplitude is A = c/(2 Now in comparison we look the relativity theory of Einstein which was destined to comment the mass change of the x atoms (electrons)! The formula by Einstein
in case of speed v = 1.5900094.108m/s (to look the later example!) in case of the x atoms (electrons) with 15% that is with 1.92955.10-31kg smaller mass gives than it is in the reality, with regard to it that by me descripteds perfectly suit to the till now known experimental results. The formula is thus true:
The first member of the formula is reduced form of the formula of Doppler. According to one statement of the relativity theory of Einstein to reach the speed of light solely the frequency f = 1014Hz electromagnetic wave's particles that is the mass m = 10-36kg photons able. This baseless fabrication hundred billion times refutes that the fact that yet frequency f = 1025Hz electromagnetic waves also exist and the mass of these on base of the m = h.f/c2 physical law connection is hundred billion times larger than mass of the photons, and similarly progress with the speed of light like the photons. According to the another statement of the relativity theory resting photon not exists, the photons always progress with the speed of light. The photons are particles of the f = 1014Hz electromagnetic waves. According to the experimental results with the one another collider electromagnetic light waves get into standstill, thus this refutes the later invention of Einstein. In the standstill got electromagnetic light waves are evidently not others than into the standstill got photons. The mass of the resting photon - according to the law of conservation of mass - exactly agrees with the mass of the photon when it progresses with the speed of light. The relativity theory and the mass-energy equation of Einstein was grounded on one primitive (from inattention or dilettantism originating?) mistake. He taken in base altogether only the E = h.f electromagnetic energy of the electromagnetic waves, but the electromagnetic waves have with that identical E = m.c2 kinetic energy. Thus from this follows that the electromagnetic waves in the reality have
total energy. On base of this the electromagnetic waves are not others than with electromagnetic energy source disponent elementary particles, to which the electromagnetic field E = m.c2 = h.f electromagnetic binding ensures to the elementary particles in the atoms, respectively ensures E = h.f = m.c2 kinetic energy to from the atoms emerged particles. Fact that was proved that all moving atoms have wave feature, namely is true for those also the wavelength-impulse connection. Now we look two hydrogen atoms which are in state of rest as compared to each other. We generate the one hydrogen atom to so large energy level that it emits the one f = 7.3089082.1014Hz frequency photon! The photon collides to the other hydrogen atom. At this time the other hydrogen atom absorbes the photon or rather the photon binds electromagnetically to the other hydrogen atom. The photon at this time if we so look is slacken, because the photon in continue already with that speed move on, for which the photon accelerates the hydrogen atom. If we look so, then the photon is in state of rest in comparison system of hydrogen atom as "stationary wave". Now I show two example calculations for these cases!
The mass of the hydrogen's atom:
The frequency of the photon which emits the one hydrogen atom:
The energy of the photon's electromagnetic field:
The electromagnetic and kinetic energy of the photon are equales:
The kinetic energy of the emitted photon:
The mass of the emitted photon:
The total mass of the hydrogen atom together with the mass of the electromagnetically bound photon:
Here still is no observable change in the mass of the other hydrogen atom, because the mass of the hydrogen atom is 3.1041306.1010 times larger than the mass of the photon.
The E = m.c2 kinetic energy of the bound photon overpass to the kinetic energy of the mt total mass hydrogen atom, thus for effect of this it accelerates to
speed.
The impulse of the mt total mass hydrogen atom is:
The wavelength from the formula of de Broglie which is proved by experiment of Davisson and Germer:
The wavelength of the hydrogen atom from the speed of the hydrogen atom and frequency of the bound photon's electromagnetic field:
Because the Broglie kind wavelength-impulse connection is proved by experiments, thus this example not requires further experimental confirmations.
Now we look a such case, in which a larger mass gamma-photon binds to the hydrogen atom. Be the mass of the gamma-photon:
The kinetic energy of the gamma-photon:
The electromagnetic and kinetic energy of the gamma-photon are equales:
The frequency of the gamma-photon's electromagnetic field:
The total mass of the hydrogen atom by mass of the gamma-photon:
As visible, the mass of the hydrogen atom been increased up for 1.1195716 times by mass of the gamma-photon.
The Ek kinetic energy of the electromagnetically bound gamma-photon overpass to the kinetic energy of the mt total mass hydrogen atom, for effect of which it accelerates to
speed.
The impulse of the mt total mass hydrogen atom:
The wavelength from the formula of de Broglie which is proved experimentally:
The wavelength of the hydrogen atom from the speed of the hydrogen atom and frequency of the bound gamma-photon's electromagnetic field:
On the base of all these, the all theories and models which was created to explain the atomic and particle world, are all fictitious, because the all atoms consist of photon, roentgen-photon and gamma-photon particles according to 2.9. chapter. Thereby the modern physics is from alfa to omega a perfect pseudoscience with its all theories and models.
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| 1.3. The striped structure of the gas discharge |
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The explanation of the illustration
1) The Aston kind dark field 2) The light of cathode 3) The dark field of cathode 4) The negative mist light 5) The Faraday kind dark field 6) The positive column 7) The dark field of anode 8) The light of anode which not separates dark field from the anode 9) The beam of negative ionized x atoms 10) The beam of positive ionized filling gas atoms (Kr, Ne, Ar, etc.)
The description of the gas discharge
In the gas discharge tubes by the electric field to motion got ion beam in the reality not other than with an extraordinarily high speed flowing gas beam. In accordance of Bernoulli's law the pressure of moving gas is smaller than in its enviroment staying gas's pressure. The consequence of this it is that in the near of the electrodes with a turbulence (11), (12) at the ion tunnel's outside staying larger pressure gas flows into the ion tunnel and with the ions together go from the direction of the electrodes to the direction of the positive column. In the gas discharge tubes the cathode ionizes the x atoms, thereby created the gas ions which were till now known as electrons, and the anode ionizes the atoms of the filling gas, thereby those become positive. By the electric field to motion got positive and negative sign gas ions collide with each other in the positive column. The positive column is therefore moved away to the direction of the anode, because the inertness of the x atoms is smaller than the inertness of the filling gas's atoms, thus the x atoms accelerate to larger speed than the atoms of the filling gas, thereby the x atoms do longer way prior to the collision. At the collision the ionizer photons divide from the ionized atoms and united with one another, accelerated to the speed of light, leave the electric circuit of the gas discharge tube, created thereby the light of the positive column. The photons got rid and thereby became neutral the x atoms and the filling gas's atoms, in consequence of the saturation emerge of the positive column in (13) and (14) turbulences and go to the direction of the electrodes. From the positive column flowing out neutral gas atoms take along a few ionized gas atoms from the positive column. Because these taken out ionized atoms went to the direction of the contrary electrode, thus get into the gas turbulence which take those to the direction of the contrary electrode. In the external gas turbulence the positive filling gas atom arrive to the cathode (11). Because is large the inertness of the positive filling atoms, thus only a part of these pull out the electric field of the cathode from the gas turbulence and those also only until edge of the Aston kind dark field (1). From the turbulence pulled out positive gas ions in the stripe of the cathode's light (2) collide with the x atoms which were ionized by the cathode, and emit its photons which pose the light of the cathode. The became neutral gas atoms from the stripe of the cathode's light leave to the direction of the cathode's dark field (3). In the stripe of the negative mist light (4) get the remanent positive gas ions which the electric field of the cathode cannot to pull out of the gas turbulence, thus those here collide with the x atoms and here emit a few photons which pose the negative mist light. From the positive column to the direction of the anode (12, 14) flowing back neutral gas atoms pull out of the positive column the ionized x atoms and take those to the anode. Because the mass of the x atoms is more thousand times smaller than the mass of the filling gas's atoms, thus at the anode pull out all x atoms from this flowing back, thereby the x atoms collide into the anode and thus comes into being the light of anode. In the four dark fields not collide with one another the negative x atoms and the positive atoms of the filling gas. |
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| 2.1. The model of all real particles (Facts and conclusions) |
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In the foregoing we established that the positive and the negative elementary charged elementary particles in vacuum independently not occur, always bound to the atoms, therefore those get into ionic state. Thus the till now in vacuum discovered negative or positive elementary charged elementary objects each were some kind of the ionized atoms, and not were elementary particles. It also we established that elementary particles to leave the atoms solely at that time able, if are equally in possession of positive and negative elementary charges that is in electrically neutral state able. Then the electrically neutral elementary particles accelerate to the speed of light, and its under time changing electromagnetic field and progressive motion creates the electromagnetic wave. At the "planning" of the elementary particle's model I taken in base these and the further facts: 1./ Like it is known by J.C. Maxwell and that is verified by experiments also; the electromagnetic waves - independently the wave's any physical factors - in vacuum exactly progress with the speed of light. 2./ The electromagnetic wave is not wave line, but is sole, under time changing electromagnetic field which in vacuum progress with the speed of light. 3./ All electromagnetic waves have E = h.f electromagnetic energy. (In the formula h is the Planck-constant, f is the frequency of the wave's electromagnetic field). 4./ All electromagnetic waves able to transmit P = h.f/c impulse. (In the formula c is the speed of light). 5./ The electromagnetic waves the P = h.f/c impulse transmit in the waves' total electromagnetic effect cross-section. (The electromagnetic effect cross-section is the cross-section of the waves' electromagnetic field which always is at right angles to the electromagnetic field's motion direction). 6./ Because all electromagnetic waves able P = h.f/c impulse to transmit, at the same time in high gravitation field be diverted, thus all electromagnetic waves have with one m = h.f/c2 heavy and inertial mass disponent elementary particles. 7./ Because all electromagnetic waves have one mass m = h.f/c2 elementary particles, and progress with the speed of light, thus the electromagnetic waves' elementary particles at the progressive motion in vacuum have E = m.c2 kinetic energy. 8./ Because the elementary particles of the electromagnetic waves have E = m.c2 kinetic energy and its electromagnetic field have E = h.f electromagnetic energy, thus the elementary particles of the electromagnetic waves have E = h.f + m.c2 total energy. 9./ All elementary particles have N = h/2 10./ Because all elementary particles execute rotated progressive motion, thus the rotational energy of the elementary particles also is E = N. 11./ Because all elementary particles have h.f = N. 12./ The electromagnetic waves are transversal waves, thus the motion direction of the electromagnetic field is always at right angles to the oscillating direction. 13./ In contrast with Louis de Broglie's endless plane wave fiction, in the reality the electromagnetic waves are limited, extensional electromagnetic fields which execute progressive motion. 14./ All electromagnetic waves' elementary particles are by that neutral in face with the effect of an external electric field, because alike have e = -1.6021917.10-19C negative and e = +1.6021917.10-19C positive elementary charges which neutralize one another. 15./ According to the fundamental fiction of Albert Einstein's relativity theory to reach the speed of light solely the mass m = 10-36kg elementary particles of the frequency f = 1014 electromagnetic waves that is the photons able. This fabrication hundred billion times refutes that the fact that still f = 1025Hz electromagnetic waves also exist, and the mass of these particles on base of the m = h.f/c2 physical law is hundred billion times larger than the mass of the photons, and similarly do motion with the speed of light than the photons. On base of the foregoing called facts and conclusions I draw the following conclusions: 1./ The electromagnetic wave is not other than with an under time changing electromagnetic field and mass disponent elementary particle which does progressive motion with the speed of light. 2./ Because all elementary particles rotated progressive motion execute, thus evident that the elementary particles' geometrical form is rotation body. 3./ Because all electrically neutral elementary particles have positive and negative elementary charges and one under time changing electromagnetic field, thus according to the electrodynamical interactions the elementary charges of the particles are in interaction with the particles' under time changing electromagnetic field. 4./ Because all electrically neutral elementary particles have positive and negative elementary charges and have one under time changing electromagnetic field, and the under time changing electromagnetic fields solely originate in electric oscillating circuits in consequence of the changing direction charge motion, thus we establish that the structure of the elementary particles coincides with the system of an electric oscillating circuit. 5./ On base of the 3. point we establish that the elementary charges together vibrate with the under time changing electromagnetic field. Thus the elementary charges do vibratory motion in the inside of the particles. 6./ From the 5. point follows that the elementary particles must have a such tunnel, in which the elementary charges execute the vibratory motion. In the followings this tunnel we call conductor tunnel! 7./ Because the geometrical form of the elementary particles are rotation body, thus we to reach the conclusion that the conductor tunnel pass through at the centre of rotation of the particles. 8./ Because the under time changing electromagnetic field and progressive motion of the elementary particles creates a transversal electromagnetic wave, thus on base of the foregoing we to reach the conclusion that vibration direction of the elementary charges and thereby its conductor tunnel, and the direction of the rotation axis is always at rihgt angles to the motion direction of the particles. 9./ In the followings we start out of it that the particle's elementary charges do vibratory motion in the particle's conductor tunnel! Evident that the amplitude of the elementary charge's vibratory motion and thereby the length of the conductor tunnel coincides with the amplitude of the created electromagnetic wave. 10./ When in the particle's conductor tunnel in consequence of the charge motion current flows, then round the conductor tunnel one disk form eddied magnetic field arises, to which the radius and the height coincides with amplitude of the vibratory motion. 11./ From the flux change of the disk form eddied magnetic field be produced one also disk form, but linear force line electric field. Its the heigth and its the radius coincides with the height and the radius of the eddied magnetic field, and thereby its the volume is also identical. 12./ From the 10. and 11. points we establish that the under time changing electromagnetic field of the elementary particles is disk form. 13./ Because the electromagnetic waves the P = h.f/c impulse give down in the total extension of the electromagnetic field, thus the effect cross-section of the under time changing electromagnetic field of a given elementary particle always coincides with the effect cross-section of the given particle. 14./ Taken into consideration the statements in the 13. point statements, and that the geometrical form of the elementary particles are rotation body, and the electromagnetic field of these are disk form, thus we establish that the elementary particles are also disk form, its height, radius and volume always coincides with the height, radius and volume of the own electromagnetic field. The disk form of the elementary particles still by that also verifiable that in consequence of the rotation, at right angles to the rotation axis, centrifugal, asunder drawing force affects on the mass of the particles, (look: 2.7.8. point) in consequence of which the poles of the particles become flat. 15./ Evident that the flat surfaces of the elementary particles take part in the momentary storing of the elementary charges. 16./ Because the elementary particles have E = h.f + m.c2 total energy and between the constituent parts of those is equality, thus from this follows that the elementary particles have
total electromagnetic energy, from which one h.f part ensures to the elementary particles the E = m.c2 kinetic energy that is the rotated progressive motion. 17./ The wall of the conductor tunnel is of the magnetic field, which is induced by the movement of the two elementary charges. The induced magnetic field conducts the elementary charges in the center of the magnetic field. On base of the foregoing numerous facts and conclusions already sufficient starting points are to the description of the elementary particles' model. |
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| 2.2. The description of all real particles' model |
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On base of the foregoing conclusions we established that the form of the elementary particles is disk form. The radius and the height of a given elementary particle coincides with one another and the maximal amplitude of the own under time changing electromagnetic field. The two flat surfaces of the elementary particles take part in the positive and the negative elementary charges momentary storing, act as electric condenser surfaces. In the center point of the elementary particles passes through the conductor tunnel which ensures vibratory countermove of the elementary charges, namely its interchange at the condenser surfaces, thus the conductor tunnel is an electric conductor. The wall of the conductor tunnel is of the magnetic field, which is induced by the movement of the two elementary charges. The induced magnetic field conducts the elementary charges in the center of the magnetic field. The "materia" of the particle isolates from one another at the condenser surfaces remaining two opposed sign elementary charges, at the same time transmits the electric and magnetic force lines. On base of the description we establish that the simple structure of the elementary particles suits to the simple system of an electric oscillator circuit.  |
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| 2.3. The description of all real particles' electromagnetic oscillaton |
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In the first moment the positive and the negative elementary charges reside at the two condenser surfaces. At this time between the two condenser surfaces from the interaction of the elementary charges be produced an electric field, to which the energy is Eel = CU2/2. Between the elementary charges acting electric force lines' a part overpass in the conductor tunnel, to effect of which from the condenser surfaces the positive and the negative elementary charges inflow into the conductor tunnel. At this time between the condenser surfaces acting Eel = CU2/2 energy of the electric field gradually goes over to the energy of the current in the conductor tunnel. In the conductor tunnel flowing current round the conductor tunnel induces an eddied magnetic field. In the conductor tunnel flowing current's energy - which arisen from the Eel = CU2/2 energy of the electric field - gradually goes over to the Emag = LI2/2 energy of the eddied magnetic field. After this in the conductor tunnel the current intensity decreases to zero, thus energy source becomes from the eddied magnetic field. The Emag = LI2/2 energy of the eddied magnetic field expend to the two contrary signed elementary charges division in the conductor tunnel. Thus the induction of the eddied magnetic field divides in the conductor tunnel remaining two opposed sign elementary charges, therefore the current further flows, while the condenser surfaces contrary recharge up. In the momentary storing of the elementary charges at the condenser surfaces between the two opposed sign elementary charges arising Coulomb-field ensures. After these the process will be in time reflection of the foregoing descripted. |
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| 2.4. The formation of the transversal electromagnetic waves |
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Like I said in the 1.1. part; the particle of the electromagnetic waves arisen from the union of the positive and the negative elementary charged elementary particles and thereby became neutral. The elementary particles' under time changing electromagnetic field and its progressive motion creates the electromagnetic wave. Also we discussed that in the vacuum with the speed of light progressive neutral elementary particles have two energy: kinetic and with that same electromagnetic energy. Thus the total energy of the electromagnetic waves' elementary particles is
Evident that the energy of the under time changing electromagnetic field provides to the elementary particle the E = m.c2 kinetic energy, results of which that a mass m elementary particle always has
electromagnetic energy. From this E = 2h.f electromagnetic energy one E = h.f part provides the E = m.c2 kinetic energy to the elementary particle that is in the vacuum with the speed of light happening motion, while the another E = h.f part ensures to in the standstill getting elementary particle that the E = m.c2 kinetic energy transform back to electromagnetic energy. Because the under time changing electromagnetic field's vibration direction is at right angles to the particle's progressive motion, thus the elementary particle's under time changing electromagnetic field and with the speed of light happening progressive motion creates the transversal electromagnetic wave. |
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| 2.5. The determination ways of all real particles' geometrical, dynamical and electrodynamical factors (Introduction) |
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The people, who scientific importance attribute to the theories and the models of the modern physics and handle these as reality, according to these people in the classical physics stated and till the end of the XIX. century in total measure discovered physical laws not true in the atomic and particle world. This reference invented for that, because in the XX. century not fashion on base of the physical laws to give explanation to the nature's phenomena. Today it is the good theory which looks relative all those which in the reality is absolute, and it is the good model which ignore and says the contrary to the experimental results and physical laws, thus according to the physical laws in the reality is no suitable to these. Now on base of the foregoing facts and descripteds I verify with my particle model that in the classical physics stated all dynamical, electrodynamical law similarly lawful in that the particle world, from which consists the universum than lawful in the total universum. As you shall also to see, to the confirmation of the model's reality I used solely the universal laws of the classical physics, thus accordingly the particle model will be without contradictions, exists according to the real physical laws, with its assistance determinable 4 geometrical, 15 dynamical and 48 electrodynamical factors of any real particles. In witness of my foregoing statement always under the formulas I grant two, from one another distant elementary particles' example results. I shall to grant in the one example by the hydrogen atom emitted frequency f = 4.5680676.1014Hz photon's data, in the another examlpe the mass m = 1.6749200.10-27kg neutron's data. If you will to control the example results of the formulas, then search out the results of the example from the appendix. At the determination of the elementary particles' factors generally tree formula lines to be found. In the first formula line to be found the known experimental results determinant formulas and the universal formulas of the physics laws, that is the formulas of the classical physics. With the assistance of in the second formula line to be found constants and the particle's electromagnetic frequency (f) simply determinable any elementary particles' factors, because the factors of the elementary particles in the most cases always are in some kind proportion with the electromagnetic frequency of the particles. If you click here, then you can to determine with assistance of a program 4 geomtrical, 15 dynamical and 48 electrodynamical parameters of an optional frequency electromagnetic field, from the constant of the second formula line with the assistance of the frequency. The calculated parameters you can to print in 1 page. The third formula line is build upon the fact that the frequency of the electromagnetic waves in consequence of the Doppler-effect changes, if the wave, respectively its particle from the one system overpass to observer's system. In consideration of it that the geometrical, dynamical and electrodynamical factors of the elementary particles are always in some kind proportion with the frequency of the particles, thus from this follows that the geometrical, dynamical and electrodynamical factors of the elementary particles also in consequence of the Doppler-effect change, if the particle from one system overpass to the observer's system. The interpretation of the third formula line: In the formulas on the place of the nil signed factor must to substitute it the factor of the particles, with which the particle had into new system happening entry previously. In the formulas c is universal speed of all elementary particles in vacuum that is the speed of light. In the formulas on the place of the v character must to substitute the speed of the observer's system. The sign of the v speed is positive, if the observer's system does the motion towards to the particles, and the sign is negative, if the observer's system does the motion in same direction with the particle. The result of the formula gives the already changed factor of the particle. There, where is no second and third formula line, there the given factors of all particles is constant and not changes even although, if the particle from the one system overpass to the observer's system. |
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| 2.6. The determination ways of all real particles' 4 geometrical factors |
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| 2.6.1.The radius of a particle |
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The radius of a given particle coincides with the maximal amplitude of the given particle's own electromagnetic field.
In the first formula A is the maximal amplitude of the given particle's electromagnetic field, c is the oscillating speed of the given particle's electromagnetic field that is the speed of light,
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| 2.6.2. The height of a particle |
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The height of a given particle coincides with the maximal amplitude of the given particle's own electromagnetic field and thereby coincides with the radius of the given particle too.
In the first formula A is the maximal amplitude of the given particle's electromagnetic field, c is the oscillating speed of the given particle's electromagnetic field that is the speed of light,
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| 2.6.3. The effect cross-section of a particle |
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Because the rotation axis of the particles is always at right angles to the progressional direction of the particles, thus the size of the given particle's effect cross-section is:
In the first formula r is the radius of the given particle, d is the height of the given particle.
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| 2.6.4. The volume of a particle |
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In the first formula r is the radius of the given particle, d is the height of the given particle.
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| Geometrical and dynamical illustration of all particles |
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| 2.7. The determination ways of all real particles' 15 dynamical factors |
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| 2.7.1. The mass of a particle |
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The mass is generated by the electromagnetic field, because the electromagnetic mass always is in direct ratio to the frequency of the electromagnetic field:
In the first formula line Ek is the kinetic energy of the given particle, c is the speed of all real particles in vacuum that is the speed of light, P is the impulse of the given particle.
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| 2.7.2. The mass density of a particle |
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In the first formula m is the mass of the given particle, V is the volume of the given particle.
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| 2.7.3. The speed of all particles in vacuum |
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Because all particles have an under time changing electromagnetic field, thus according to the law of Maxwell the speed of the elementary particles in vacuum determines from first part the permittivity of vacuum
In the formula line h is the Planck-constant, f is the frequency of the given particle's electromagnetic field, m is the mass of the given particle. |
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| 2.7.4. Peripheral speed of all particles |
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In the formula r is the radius of the given particle, |
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| 2.7.5. The impulse of a particle |
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In the first formula line m is the mass of the given particle, c is the speed of all particles in vacuum that is the speed of light, h is the Planck-constant,
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| The impulse of the observed particle from the formula of Galilei |
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As visible from this formula, the impulse of all elementary particles also is according to the law of the speed addition and speed subtraction, but this change not in the speed of the particles ensue, but in the mass of the particles. This change happens so that the particle in the new system gives down from mass or in the new system deprive mass of there elementary objects. |
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| 2.7.6. The peripheral impulse of a particle |
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In the first formula line m is the mass of the given particle, r is the radius of the given particle,
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| 2.7.7. The angular velocity of a particle |
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The angular velocity of the given particle corresponds with the private radian frequency of the given particle's electromagnetic field.
In the first formula line f is the frequency of the given particle's electromagnetic field, Ek is the kinetic energy of the given particle, N is the spin of all particles.
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| 2.7.8. The centrifugal force which affects to the mass of a particle |
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In the first formula m is the mass of the given particle, r is the radius of the given particle,
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| 2.7.9. The spin of all particles |
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In the formula line h is the Planck-constant, Ek is the kinetic energy of the given particle, |
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| 2.7.10. The kinetic energy of a particle |
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The elementary particles do rotated progressive movement. The E = N.
In the first formula N is the spin of all particles,
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| 2.7.11. The kinetic power of a particle |
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The kinetic power of the given particle is always half of the given particle's electric power.
In the first formula line N is the spin of all particles,
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| 2.7.12. The accelerational time of a particle from standstill to speed of light |
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In the first formula line Eem is the energy of the given particle's electromagnetic field, Peis the electric power of the given particle,
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| 2.7.13. The electromagnetic accelerator force of a particle |
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In the first formula line m is the mass of the given particle, a is the acceleration of the given particle, Pk is the kinetic power of the given particle, c is the speed of all particles in vacuum that is the speed of light.
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| 2.7.14. The acceleration of a particle |
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In the first formula line Fa is the electromagnetic accelerator force of the given particle, m is the mass of the given particle, c is the speed of all particles in vacuum that is the speed of light, ta is the accelerational time of the given particle from standstill to speed of light.
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| 2.7.15. The road length of a particle's acceleration |
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In the first formula line c is the speed of all particles in vacuum that is the speed of light, ta is the accelerational time of the given particle from standstill to speed of light, a is the acceleration of the given particle.
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| 2.8. The determination ways of all real particles' 48 electrodynamical factors |
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Attention! At the description of the elementary particles' electrodynamical factors the particles are in standstill, the energy of the particles' electromagnetic field is E = h.f + m.c2 = 2h.f. With in the electrodynamical part used formulas determinable maximal value of the elementary particles' electrodynamical factors. I call up your attention that the Planck-constant is originally constant quotient of the electromagnetic waves' energy and frequency and here it is at the description of the electromagnetic waves' electromagnetic field!
| 2.8.1. The permittivity of all particles |
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At the electrodynamical calculations the permittivity of all particles given to
constant value. This permittivity is 0.0583805 times of the permittivity of vacuum. In the formula c is the speed of light, µp is the permeability of all particles. |
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| 2.8.2. The elementary charges of all particles |
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| 2.8.3. The flux of all particles' electric field |
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In the formula line 2e is the electric charges of all particles, |
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| The electric field of the particles from lateral view and eddied magnetic field of the particles from top-view (Are both at maximal amplitude) |
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| 2.8.4. The distance of a particle's condenser surfaces and the length of a particle's conductor tunnel |
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The distance of the given particle's condenser surfaces and the length of the given particle's conductor tunnel always coincides with the maximal amplitude of the own under time changing electromagnetic field.
In the first formula A is the maximal amplitude of the given particle's electromagnetic field, c is the speed of light,
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| 2.8.5. The area of a particle's condenser surface |
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In the first formula line r is the radius of the given particle,
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| 2.8.6. The superficial charge density of a particle |
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In the first formula line 2e is the electric charges of all particles, Ac is the area of the given particle's condenser surface,
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| 2.8.7. Build-up and die out time of a particle's electric field and the inflow |
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| time of the electric charges into a particle's conductor tunnel |
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In the first formula line d is the length of the given particle's conductor tunnel, ve is the charge speed in the conductor tunnel of all particles that is the speed of light,
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| 2.8.8. The charge speed in the conductor tunnel of all particles |
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In the formula d is the length of the given particle's conductor tunnel, te is the inflow time of the given particle's charges into the conductor tunnel. |
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| 2.8.9. The voltage of a particle's electric field |
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In the first formula line Ee is the energy of the given particle's electric field, 2e is the electric charges of all particles,
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| 2.8.10. The electric capacity of a particle |
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In the first formula line 2e is the electric charges of all particles, U is the voltage of the given particle's electric field,
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| 2.8.11. The capacitive resistance of all particles |
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In the formula |
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| 2.8.12. The electrostatic field intensity of a particle's electric field |
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In the first formula line U is the voltage of the given particle's electric field, d is the distance of the given particle's condenser surfaces, Fst is the electrostatic force of the given particle's electric field, 2e is the electric charges of all particles,
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| 2.8.13. The electrostatic force of a particle's electric field |
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In the first formula line Est is the electrostatic field intensity of the given particle's electric field, 2e is the electric charges of all particles, Ee is the energy of the given particle's electric field, d is the distance of the given particle's condenser surfaces,
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| 2.8.14. The induced voltage in the conductor tunnel of a particle |
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In the first formula line Ee is the energy of the given particle's electric field, 2e is the elementary charges of all particles, B is the magnetic induction of the given particle's eddied magnetic field, vi is the induction speed of all particles' eddied magnetic field that is the speed of light d is the length of the given particle's conductor tunnel.
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| 2.8.15. Induced electric field intensity in the conductor tunnel of a particle |
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In the first formula line Ui is the induced voltage in conductor tunnel of the given particle, d is the length of the given particle's conductor tunnel, B is the magnetic induction of the given particle's eddied magnetic field, vi is the induction speed of all particles' eddied magnetic field that is the speed of light.
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| 2.8.16. The Lorentz-force which affects to a particle's electric charges |
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In the first formula 2e is the electric charges of all particles, vi is the induction speed of all particles' eddied magnetic field that is the speed of light B is the magnetic induction of the given particle's eddied magnetic field.
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| 2.8.17. The current intensity in the conductor tunnel of a particle |
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In the first formula line 2e is the electric charges of all particles, te is the entrance time of the given particle's charges into conductor tunnel, ve is the charge speed in all particles' conductor tunnel that is the speed of light, d is the length of the given particle's conductor tunnel.
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| 2.8.18. Resistance of all particles' conductor tunnel |
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In the formula Ui is the induced voltage in the conductor tunnel of the given particle, I is the current intensity in the given particle's conductor tunnel. |
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| 2.8.19. The excitation which necessary to the magnetic induction of a particle |
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In the first formula B is the magnetic induction of the given particle's eddied magnetic field, µp is the permeability of all particles, s is the middling length of the given particle's eddied magnetic force line.
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| 2.8.20. The energy of a particle's electric field |
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In the first formula line C is the electric capacity of the given particle, U is the voltage of the given particle's electric field, 2e is the electric charges of all particles, Fst is the electrostatic force of the given particle's electric field, d is the distance of the given particle's two condenser surfaces.
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| 2.8.21. The electric power of a particle |
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At the electrodynamical calculations the angle of the phase displacement of all particles' voltage and current given by cos
In the first formula Ui is the induced voltage in the conductor tunnel of the given particle, I is the induced current intensity in conductor tunnel of the given particle, cos
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| 2.8.22. The permeability of all particles |
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At the electrodynamical calculations the permeability of all particles given to
value. This permeability is 17.128999 times of the permeability of vacuum. In the formula c is the speed of the light, |
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| 2.8.23. The maximal radius of a particle's eddied magnetic field |
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The maximal radius of the given particle's eddied magnetic field not other than the maximal amplitude of the given particle's electromagnetic field.
In the first formula A is the maximal amplitude of the given particle's eddied magnetic field, c is the speed of light,
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| 2.8.24. The middling radius of a particle's eddied magnetic field |
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| 2.8.25. The middling length of a particle's eddied magnetic force lines |
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In the first formula line rm is the middling radius of the given particle's eddied magnetic field, I is the current intensity in the conductor tunnel of the given particle, H is the field intensity of the given particle's eddied magnetic field, EB is the eddy intensity of the given particle's eddied magnetic field, B is the magnetic induction of the given particle's eddied magnetic field.
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| 2.8.26. The cross-section of a particle's eddied magnetic field |
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In the first formula line r is the radius of the given particle's eddied magnetic field, d is the height of the given particle's eddied magnetic field,
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| 2.8.27. The build-up and die out time of a particle's eddied magnetic field |
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In the first formula line r is the radius of the given particle's eddied magnetic field, vi is the induction speed of all particles' eddied magnetic field,
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| 2.8.28. The induction speed of all particles' eddied magnetic field |
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In the formula line r is the radius of the given particle's eddied magnetic field, |
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| 2.8.29. The flux of all particles' eddied magnetic field |
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In the formula line U is the voltage of the given particle's electric field, te is the build-up and die out time of the given particle's electric field, B is the magnetic induction of the given particle's eddied magnetic field, Am is the cross-section of the given particle's eddied magnetic field. |
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| 2.8.30. The self-inductivity of a particle |
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In the first formula line
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| 2.8.31. The inductive resistance of all particles |
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In the formula |
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| 2.8.32. The magnetic induction of a particle's eddied magnetic field |
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In the first formula line H is the field intensity of the given particle's eddied magnetic field, µp is the permeability of all particles,
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| 2.8.33. The field intensity of a particle's eddied magnetic field |
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In the first formula line I is the current intensity in the conductor tunnel of the given particle, s is the middling length of the given particle's eddied magnetic force lines, B is the magnetic induction of the given particle's eddied magnetic field, µp is the permeability of all particles, 2e is the electric charges of all particles, ve is the charge speed in the conductor tunnel of all particles that is the speed of light, rm is the middling radius of the given particle's eddied magnetic field, d is the length of the given particle's conductor tunnel.
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| 2.8.34. The eddy intensity of a particle's eddied magnetic field |
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In the first formula line B is the magnetic induction of the given particle's eddied magnetic field, s is the middling length of the given particle's eddied magnetic force lines, µp is the permeability of all particles, I is the current intensity in the conductor tunnel of the given particle.
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| 2.8.35. The opposing force which affects to a particle's eddied magnetic field at the induction of the current |
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In the first formula B is the magnetic induction of the given particle's eddied magnetic field, I is the induced current intensity in the conductor tunnel of the given particle, d is the length of the given particle's conductor tunnel.
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| 2.8.36. The magnetic force which affects at right angles to the middling radius of a particle |
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In the first formula B is the magnetic induction of the given particle's eddied magnetic field, µp is the permeability of all particles, Am is the cross-section of the given particle's eddied magnetic field.
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| 2.8.37. By the torque of a particle's magnetic force did work |
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(This force affects at right angles to the middling radius of the given particle) The elementary particles do rotated progresssive movement. Kinetic energy of this rotated progressive movement is
This kinetic energy originates from by the torque of the magnetic force did work.
In the first formula Fm is the magnetic force which affects at right angles to the middling radius of the particle, rm is the middling radius of the given particle's eddied nagnetic field, rad 360o = 6.2831852
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| 2.8.38. The magnetic momentum of a particle |
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The charge movement of the given particle happens from the border of the condenser surface cross over on conductor tunnel until the border of the another condenser surface, thus the current of the given particle surround r.d cross-section.
In the first formula I is the current intensity in the conductor tunnel of the given particle, r is the radius of the given particle, d is the height of the given particle.
Remeark: The electrodynamical factors of all particles refer to standstill of the particles and the kinetic energy of the particles arises from the electromagnetic energy of the particles, thus the electrodynamical factors of the particles which progress with the speed of light, is half of here calculated factors. Result from this for example that the magnetic momentum of the neutron which progress with the speed of light is m = 10.087659.10-27Am2. Value of till now published measuring result is m = 9.663.10-27Am2. We take into consideration the possibility of the measuring mistake, the different between two results is not more than 0.42% which likewise verifies the reality of this particle model. |
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| 2.8.39. The energy of a particle's eddied magnetic field |
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In the first formula line L is the self-inductivity of the given particle, I is the current intensity in the conductor tunnel of the given particle,
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| 2.8.40. The impedance of all particles |
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In the formula R is the resistance of all particles' conductor tunnel, XL is the inductive resistance of all particles, XC is the capacitive resistance of all particles. |
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| 2.8.41. The angle of the phase displacement of all particles' voltage and current |
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In the formula R is the resistance of all particles' conductor tunnel, Z is the impedance of all particles. |
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| 2.8.42. The frequency of a particle's electromagnetic field |
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In the first formula line Eem is the energy of the given particle's electromagnetic field, h is the Planck-constant, L is the self-inductivity of the given particle, C is the electric capacity of the given particle.
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| 2.8.43. The radian frequency of a particle's electromagnetic field |
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In the first formula line L is the self-inductivity of the given particle, C is the electric capacity of the given particle, f is the frequency of the given particle's electromagnetic field.
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| 2.8.44. The electromagnetic wavelength of a particle in vacuum |
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In the first formula line c is the speed of all particles in vacuum that is the speed of light, f is the frequency of the given particle's electromagnetic field, h is the Planck-constant, P is the impulse of the given particle.
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| 2.8.45. The energy of a particle's electromagnetic field |
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In the first formula line h is the Planck-constant, f is the frequency of the given particle's electromagnetic field, C is the electric capacity of the given particle, U is the voltage of the given particle's electric field, L is the self-inductivity of the given particle, I is the current intensity in the conductor tunnel of the given particle,
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| 2.8.46. The energy density of a particle's electromagnetic field |
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In the first formula line Eem is the energy of the given particle's electromagnetic field, Vem is the volume of the given particle's electromagnetic field,
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| 2.8.47. The volume of a particle's electromagnetic field |
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The volume of the given particle's electromagnetic field always coincides with the own volume of the given particle.
In the first formula Eem is the energy of the given particle's electromagnetic field,
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| 2.8.48. Equalities beetwen different factors of a given particle |
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2.8.49. The identical factors of all particles
| c = 2.9979246.108m/s
| N = 1.0545606.10-34kg.m2/s
| vc = 2.9979246.108m/s
| e = +1.6021917.10-19C
| ve = 2.9979246.108m/s
| e = -1.6021917.10-19C
| vi = 2.9979246.108m/s
|  p = 5.1691224.10-13As/VmR = 2.0540577.103ohm
| µp = 2.1524932.10-5Vs/Am
| Z = 2.0540577.103ohm
|  = 6.1990859.10-7Vm
XC = 2.0540577.103ohm
|  = 6.5819864.10-16Vs
XL = 2.0540577.103ohm
| cos |  = 1
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| 2.9. The structure of the atoms |
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On base of the particle model and the there did calculations we establish the followings: 1./ Mass, kinetic and electromagnetic energy of the elementary particles always be directly proportional to the frequency of the own electromagnetic field. 2./ The mass density of the elementary particles always be directly proportional to the fourth power of the electromagnetic frequency. 3./ We establish from the 1. and the 2. points that the mass density of the particles always be directly proportional to the fourth power of the mass, the kinetic and the electromagnetic energy. 4./ Also been discovered from the particle model that the volume of the elementary particles always coincides to the volume of the own electromagnetic field. 5./ From the 3. and 4. points follows that if is large the mass, kinetic and electromagnetic energy of a given particle, then is small the volume of the given particle and is small the volume of the given particle's electromagnetic field. 6./ The elementary particles have E = 2h.f electromagnetic energy, from which one h.f part ensures the E = m.c2 kinetic energy to the elementary particles, the another h.f part ensures to the elementary particles in the atoms happening E = m.c2 electromagnetic binding energy. From the previous points already evidently follows that the elementary particles according to what kind system are in the atoms. This structure system in two ways possible to determine: 1. The elementary particles the particle in particle system are in the atoms that is a small volume, large mass and large energy particle takes place in a large volume, small mass and small energy particle and the like. Thus the small energy and small mass elementary particles a kind cover constitutes on the large energy and large mass particle. 2. The atoms consist of different frequency and amplitude electromagnetic fields which binds to one another with the own E = h.f electromagnetic energy, thus it in the atoms E = m.c2 electromagnetic binding ensures to the mass m = h.f/c2 elementary particles. Thus the structure of the atoms we also characterize so that on the large energy, large frequency and thus small amplitude electromagnetic field creates a cover a small energy, small frequency and large amplitude electromagnetic field. In the followings visible the scale relations illustration of the hydrogen atom's four light photon covers and data of those. 
The meaning of the data: A is amplitude of the photon's electromagnetic field which is equal to the photon's radius and height, f is the frequency of the photon's electromagnetic field, E is the E = h.f electromagnetic binding energy of the photon in the atom, m is the mass of the photon. Considering that the atoms emit the photons and the extension of the photons are A = 10-7m, A = 10-8m, thus from this we establish that the real extension of the atoms is larger with 2-3 order of magnitude than it is calculated from the specific gravity and the mass of the elements' atoms. The thus determined extension is the atoms' apparent extension which we look in the following part. From the connection of the Wien kind wavelength and temperature we get from the atoms emitted electromagnetic waves' wavelength in function of the atoms' thermal potential. If we divide the Wien kind constant with 6.2831852, then we get the amplitude of the emitted electromagnetic field, and thereby at the given temperature the real extension of the atoms. The atoms' real extension in function of the thermal potential:
In the formula Amax is the atom's maximal extension with its photons or roentgen-photons, T is the atom's temperature potential in Kelvin. From the formula we establish that if is large the thermal potential of an atom, then is smaller the real extensione of that. The shrinking of in the plasma state got gases it poses that from the atoms come down the small energy and large extension elementary particles. The atoms in electrically neutral state include as much positive and negative elementary charges than it consists of as many elementary particles. Thus for example, only the hydrogen's light photon covers (which consists of four photons) have four positive and four negative elementary charges. At the atoms measured N = h/2 To it that from the atoms a mass m elementary particle emerges, must to transmit with the particle of the atom E = m.c2 energy which absolves the E = h.f electromagnetic binding energy of the given particle's electromagnetic field. Because the elementary particles in the atoms have E = N. |
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| 2.10. Chemical linking of the atoms |
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The following illustration shows the chemical binding of the atoms which happens by the electromagnetic binding energy of the photon covers which link into one another. The chemical electromagnetic binding energy of two or more atoms is Eem = from 1019J to 10-17J. The electromagnetic fields of to the one another linking photons are in contrary vibration phase, thus the photons of the atoms attract one another. The size of an atom in the chemical linking determines the radius of the roentgen-photon covers of the atoms. The electromagnetic field of the roentgen-photos vibrate at the chemical bindings in identical oscillation phase, thus between those A = 10-10m effective range electromagnetic repulsive force acts which at the chemical bindings determines the apparent diameter of the atoms.
| photon covers | r-photon covers | g-photon covers
| Radius
| 6.3 - 10.6.10-8m
| 10-10m
| 10-16m
| Mass
| N*3.3 - 5.5.10-36kg
| N*10-33kg
| N*1.6 - 1.7.10-27kg
| EM frequency
| 4.5 - 7.5.1014Hz
| 1017Hz
| 1023Hz
| EM binding energy
| N*3 - 5.10-19J
| N*~10-16J
| N*~10-10J
| N = pieces of the particles, EM = electromagnetic
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According to the kinetic gas theory the real extension of the atoms is A = 10-10m and the free distance between the gas atoms is d = 10-7m. This free distance in the kinetic gas theory looks such as by the motion of the gas atoms did road length, and with this explains the gases thermal expansion. The thermal expansion of the gases in the reality poses that for the effect of the thermal energy the chemical binding of the atoms resolve, the polarization planes of the atoms' photon covers turn away, thus the photon covers of the atoms get into identical vibration phase with one another, thus in consequence of this between the electromagnetic field of the photons A = 10-7m effective range electromagnetic repulsing force act. Thus with in a gas filled vessel the gas atoms not have kinetic energy, while the distance between the gas atoms is not larger than d = 10-7m, because the thermal expansion of the gases at as large as this distance still poses the electromagnetic repulsing of the gas atoms' photon covers.
| Appendix |
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If you want to view the appendix then please
= h/P of all atoms poses the electromagnetic oscillation of the external photon, roentgen-photon or gamma-photon cover and the motion of the atom
1
.f) we establish that the extension of the bound photon is A = 10-7m. Considering that the electric charges take up position always on surfaces, thus we establish that the mass m = 9.1.10-31kg and a few electronvolt energy elementary object's electric state poses a the on that electromagnetically bound, frequency f = 1014Hz, negative elementary charged photon. From this steps forward a consequence, namely that the mass m = 9.1.10-31kg elementary object's mass always increases with the on that electromagnetically bound negative or positive elementary charged photon's or roentgen-photon's mass. The mass of the positive or negative elementary charged photons, roentgen-photons in function of between the cathode and anode acting voltage U take shape according to the formula m = U.e/c2.
= m.c2.
= 9.4073580.10-16kg/m3
is the electromagnetic wavelength of the given particle in vacuum, Fais the electromagnetic accelerator force of the given particle, tais the accelerational time of the given particle from standstill to speed of light.
= 9.1972258.10-4A
